Exporting Jim Crow: Blackface Minstrelsy in South Africa and BeyondFollowing the pathways of imperial commerce, blackface minstrel troupes began to cross the globe in the mid nineteenth century, popularizing American racial ideologies as they traveled from Britain to its colonies in the Pacific, Asia, and Oceania, finally landing in South Africa during the 1860s and 1870s. The first popular culture export of the United States, minstrel shows frequently portrayed black characters as noncitizens who were unfit for